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In linguistics, intonation is variation of spoken pitch that is not used to distinguish words; instead it is used for a range of functions such as indicating the attitudes and emotions of the speaker, signalling the difference between statements and questions, and between different types of questions, focusing attention on important elements of the spoken message and also helping to regulate conversational interaction. It contrasts with tone, in which pitch variation in some languages ''does'' distinguish words, either lexically or grammatically. (The term ''tone'' is used by some British writers in their descriptions of intonation, but this is to refer to the pitch movement found on the nucleus or tonic syllable in an intonation unit – see Intonation in English: British Analyses of English Intonation, below). Although intonation is primarily a matter of pitch variation, it is important to be aware that functions attributed to intonation such as the expression of attitudes and emotions, or highlighting aspects of grammatical structure, almost always involve concomitant variation in other prosodic features. Crystal for example says that "...intonation is not a single system of contours and levels, but the product of the interaction of features from different prosodic systems – ''tone'', ''pitch-range'', ''loudness'', ''rhythmicality'' and ''tempo'' in particular." ==Transcription of intonation== Most transcription conventions have been devised for describing one particular accent or language, and the specific conventions therefore need to be explained in the context of what is being described. However, for general purposes the International Phonetic Alphabet offers the two intonation marks shown in the box at the head of this article. Global rising and falling intonation are marked with a diagonal arrow rising left-to-right and falling left-to-right , respectively. These may be written as part of a syllable, or separated with a space when they have a broader scope: :''He found it on the street?'' : Here the rising pitch on ''street'' indicates that the question hinges on that word, on where he found it, not whether he found it. :''Yes, he found it on the street.'' : :''How did you ever escape?'' : Here, as is common with ''wh-'' questions, there is a rising intonation on the question word, and a falling intonation at the end of the question. In many descriptions of English, the following intonation patterns are distinguished: * ''Rising Intonation'' means the pitch of the voice rises over time ; * ''Falling Intonation'' means that the pitch falls with time ; * ''Dipping'' or ''Fall-rise Intonation'' falls and then rises ; * ''Peaking'' or ''Rise-fall Intonation'' rises and then falls . It is also common to trace the pitch of a phrase with a line above the phrase, adjacent to the phrase, or even through (overstriking) the phrase. Such usage is not supported by Unicode as of 2015, but the symbols have been submitted. The following example requires an SIL font such as Gentium Plus. : 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Intonation (linguistics)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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